36 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) technologies to diagnose buildings and controls. Prof. Leeb noted that while AI and ML can be leveraged to process data, he cautioned about the widespread deployment of the technologies since they are based on finding and understanding patterns in data, not necessarily understanding the underlying physics. Toolbox for Design and Control of Ground Source Heat Pumps (Peter Armstrong) Peter Armstrong presented his work on understanding and modeling of ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems, with a specific focus on a reduced-order ground heat exchange model suitable for optimization and model-predictive control. Armstrong first outlined the key challenges associated with meeting heating demands with heat pumps (mainly increased peak electricity demand) and the required solutions which could include over-building renewable resources in the face of poor utilization costs, improving transmission lines, shifting peaks by using thermal energy storage, reducing peaks through weatherization, energy recovery in exhaust flues, and improving heat pump efficiency at low temperatures. Ground source heat pump technology has elements of thermal energy storage and peak reduction due to lower ground temperatures and is a technology Fig 4.2 Diagram of non-intrusive load monitoring presented by Prof. Leeb
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