12 enhance data-driven techniques, move beyond restrictive models, and focus on comparative outputs to address gaps in both modelling and perception of the metrics utilized. Heat in the City (Prof. Negin Nazarian) Prof. Nazarian's presentation emphasized the drivers of urban heat: urbanization and climate change. Integrated assessments of urban overheating should consider heat hazards that are the outcome these multiscale drivers. More importantly, we need to understand how hot is too hot for people and urban systems. This requires that we consider heat hazards together with exposure as well as individual and population vulnerabilities (determined by their sensitivity with adaptive capacities). The presentation provided an integrated overview of research conducted across various (human to global) scales to better quantify heat hazards, exposures, and vulnerabilities. At the global scale, opportunities and challenges of remote sensing in understanding air temperature variations within cities were showcased. Transitioning to city and regional levels, integrated use cases of urban climate modelling and observation techniques were discussed, with a focus on achieving human-scale impact assessment within city-scale methodologies. Urban climate informatics methods, such as machine learning and crowd-sourced citizen weather stations, were Fig 1.3 Presentation by Prof. Nazarian (center, standing) Photo: Justin Knight
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